ALB and nephrotic syndrome: Massive proteinuria can be a defining feature of nephrotic syndrome, which is clinically characterized by the presence of edema, hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <25 g/L), and nephrotic-range proteinuria, typically defined as ≥40 mg/m2/hour or a Uprot/Ucr ratio exceeding 200 mg/mmol in a spot urine sample [10].