INS and Insulin resistance: IL-1β promotes androgen production in ovarian theca cells and interferes with insulin signaling pathways [10,27]. IL-1β levels are significantly elevated in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls, as confirmed by studies of Brenjian et al. and Eser et al., who found higher IL-1β levels in PCOS patients, correlating with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance [10,36].