For surgical mortality, age ≥60, ≥70, and ≥80 y; BMI ≥25 kg/m2; male sex; dyspnea; ADL requiring assistance within 30 d; history of cardiac surgery; long‐term steroid use; platelet count <120 000/μL; serum albumin <2.8 and <3.5 (g/dL); serum AST >40 U/L; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2; serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) ≥1.0 mg/dL; cancer of the small intestine; distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer (T4); and pancreatic cancer (T4) were significant independent risk factors. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and small intestine cancer.