Furthermore, given the established role of CPSF6 in HIV-1 infection (Bejarano et al., 2019; Achuthan et al., 2018), the Mtb-induced release of CPSF6 from NUDT21 in co-infected individuals could potentially exacerbate HIV-1 replication, posing a public health concern, particularly in regions with high co-prevalence of both TB and HIV. Here, CPSF6 is linked to tuberculosis.