IFIH1 and diabetes mellitus: For MDA5+ DM patients, laboratory tests also included cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, etc.), inflammatory markers [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin (FER), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], and NT-proBNP.