Additionally, in mice with intrahippocampal kainic acid-induced epilepsy, the neuregulin (NRG)/ErbB4 signaling pathway is upregulated in astrocytes, along with reductions in amino acid carrier 1 protein and NeuN-positive neurons, but exogenous NRG-1 treatment increases NRG/ErbB4 activity, upregulating glutamine synthetase and amino acid carrier 1 to restore glutamate homeostasis89. This evidence concerns the gene ERBB4 and epilepsy.