As a result, individuals with these mutations have reduced nicotine cravings, a higher likelihood of quitting smoking or maintaining lower smoking rates, as well as a lower risk of developing lung cancer, compared to those with normal CYP2A6 enzymatic activity (Butler et al., 2021; Fujieda et al., 2004; Johani et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2021; Thorgeirsson et al., 2010; Wassenaar et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2017). Here, CYP2A6 is linked to lung carcinoma.