HIF1A and rheumatoid arthritis: RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, leading to joint damage and functional impairment.591 A key driver of RA progression is angiogenesis, which facilitates inflammatory cell infiltration and pannus formation, accelerating joint destruction.592 Notably, HIF-1 and HIF-2 are highly expressed in the RA synovium, promoting VEGF production and excessive vascularization, which exacerbate inflammation and synovial hyperplasia.593