VEGFA and Hypoglycemia: Lower glucose levels reduce VEGF-A secretion, whereas prolonged hypoglycemia induces apoptosis in ECs and β cells.540 Exogenous VEGF-A mitigates hypoglycemia-induced damage, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.541 However, chronic VEGF upregulation may be detrimental, contributing to β-cell dysfunction and PKC-mediated endothelial abnormalities in diabetic vasculopathy.542,543 In the inflammatory context, VEGF-A exerts complex effects.