After excluding the common DEGs that were found to contribute to the above five pathways, we identified 23 unique “ISLANDER” genes (e.g., ADRB1, AREG, CD36, CFTR, COL2 A1, FREM2, FGF10, GHR, GJA1, LAMB3, LAMC2, and NTRK2) that contribute to these pathways’ upregulation in Island tumors, potentially driving inter-tumor heterogeneity relative to Scatter tumors. Here, FREM2 is linked to neoplasm.