CD38 and esophageal cancer: In esophageal cancer, the accumulation of inflammation-derived secretory factors, including IL-6, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), results in the upregulation of CD38 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) [48].