PIM1 has been identified to regulate NDRG1 via phosphorylation at Ser330, resulting in a reduction in: (1) NDRG1 protein stability; (2) NDRG1 nuclear localization; and (3) the interaction of NDRG1 with the androgen receptor (AR); to enhance prostate cancer cell migration and invasion (80). Here, AR is linked to prostate carcinoma.