Also, the D. melanogaster immune response is likely to be regulated differently by S. hermaphroditum compared to S. carpocapsae. Infection of D. melanogaster larvae with S. hermaphroditum fails to induce the expression of readout genes in the two NF-κB pathways, Imd and Toll, as well as the JNK pathway [31]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is infection.