TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: From the perspective of adipose tissue function, estrogen (such as 17β-estradiol) improves white adipose tissue (WAT) function, reduces adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and diabetes, promotes adiponectin secretion, and alleviates adipose tissue inflammation by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-6), thereby effectively reducing the chronic inflammatory response of visceral fat and the risk of related metabolic diseases [58].