In addition, we found R.f administration reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β (P = 0.0184), IL-6 (P = 0.0566), TNF-α (P = 0.0167), and IFN-γ (P = 0.0850) in the animals undergoing AOM/DSS treatment (Fig. S5A). Here, IL1B is linked to infectious otitis media.