DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; CV, cardiovascular; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; EKG, electrocardiogram; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; CVD, cardiovascular disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; HF, heart failure. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.