Elevated levels of ALCAM were observed in both serum (this study) and urine (49) of LN patients compared to healthy controls; (3) VCAM-1, a member of the integrin and immunoglobulin superfamily, is induced on endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, binds to integrin partners on leukocytes, and is elevated in the urine of LN patients (50). This evidence concerns the gene ALCAM and lobular neoplasia.