Other studies identified a plasma cell signature predicting immunotherapy outcomes (11, 12) and a T-cell exhaustion-related feature predicting chronic infection or tumor prognosiss (13) In ARDS patients, sepsis-related cases show increased CD14 cells, while pneumonia-related cases have more cytotoxic cells and NK T cells, indicating significant immune cell heterogeneity (14). This evidence concerns the gene CD14 and pneumonia.