ACE2 and COVID-19: While the ACE2 receptor has been identified as a crucial pathway in COVID-19-mediated cardiac injury, and preclinical studies have demonstrated that ACE2 modulation therapy can elevate ACE2 expression levels, current clinical evidence does not substantiate any association between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor inhibitor (ARB) use and increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, nor with elevated risks of severe disease progression or mortality in COVID-19 patients (29).