CASP3 and Alzheimer disease: In addition, GAA treatment significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis marker caspase-3 and the apoptosis rate, while reducing the expression of AD pathological markers Aβ and p-Tau, revealing the potential neuroprotective effect of GAA in inhibiting the apoptosis of HT22 cells and alleviating the pathological damage of AD (Shao et al., 2024).