In the context of myocardial infarction (MI), the release of miR-155 and MALAT1 from M1-Exos significantly reduces the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells (ECs), exacerbating heart dysfunction in the microenvironment of myocardial infarction (Liu et al., 2020; He et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2021). Here, MALAT1 is linked to myocardial infarction.