TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: In vitro studies also showed that ALB inhibited TGF-β1-induced LX-2 cell activation and reduced the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. Additionally, we found that ALB mitigates inflammation and ameliorates liver fibrosis by targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, as confirmed using the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 in CCl4-treated mice.