Similar observations were reported in recent chemopreventive studies using rat models, where treatments with dark fruit peel, oregano, clove buds, cinnamon, sumac, salvia, and aronia significantly elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 expression in mammary carcinoma cells (Kubatka et al., 2016a; 2017a; 2017b; 2020a; 2020b; 2024; Dvorska et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene BAX and breast carcinoma.