Previous evidence indicated that opportunistic infections, specifically those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were rare in patients treated with IL-1 blockers, even among populations at high risk for reactivation of latent infections (Cavalli and Dinarello, 2018; Cantarini et al., 2015; Dumaine et al., 2020; Lima et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.