Both IL-1α and IL-1β bind to the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1), inducing a wide range of secondary inflammatory mediators and playing critical roles in regulating immune and inflammatory processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (Kim and Lee, 2024; Xu et al., 2024; Wu et al., 2022). Here, IL1A is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.