In 2001, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first IL-1 blocker, anakinra, for the treatment of RA, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), and deficiency of IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA); this agent is a recombinant form of the IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) that competitively inhibits the binding of IL-1α and IL-1β to the IL-1R1, thus blocking IL-1 signaling and mitigating its inflammatory effects (Arnold et al., 2022). Here, IL1R1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.