Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for VEGF and IL6 and revealed an independent association between PEVs (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001–1.01) and ICAM1 + EVs (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) and the presence of ILD (Supplementary Table 2B). Here, VEGFA is linked to interstitial lung disease.