A recent study found that fibronectin 1 derived from HCC interacts with Toll-like receptor 4, activating glycolysis in macrophages via the PKM2/HIF-α signaling pathway and promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, which enhance PD-L1 expression on macrophages, ultimately leading to immune evasion (98). The gene discussed is PKM; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.