VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus: Additionally, the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine ICAM-1 was significantly increased in HFpEF DM patients compared to HFpEF non-DM patients, whereas VCAM-1 levels were non-significantly elevated in HFpEF DM patients (Fig. 1L, K), indicating a pronounced presence of inflammation in HFpEF patients with DM.