Using immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analyses, the USP1-UAF1 complex was found to stabilize TBK1 expression by mediating its deubiquitination and inhibiting its K48-coupled ubiquitination, enhance the TLR3/4- and RIG-I-induced activation of IRF3 and production of IFN-β, and inhibit the vesicularity and proliferation of VSV in HEK-293 cells and mouse macrophages; therefore, the USP1-UAF1 complex could be a potential target for the prevention of viral diseases [25]. This evidence concerns the gene WDR48 and viral load.