SELENOS and hepatocellular carcinoma: Li et al. (2018) showed that SELS silencing caused ROS accumulation in mouse hepatoma cells (Li et al., 2018). In this study, the accumulation of ROS and decrease in antioxidant capacity were more evident in SELS-knockout chicken hepatocytes. This finding suggests that SELS deficiency promotes oxidative damage in the liver. Selenium deficiency simultaneously produces ROS and activates NF-κB in dairy cow mammary gland (Zhang et al., 2022b). Cells exposed to H2O2 exhibited selenium-dependent alleviation of ROS accumulation and NF-κB activation (Kretz-Remy and Arrigo, 2001).