CP and colorectal carcinoma: FOLFOX (FX; a combination of folinic acid, 5-FU, and oxaliplatin) and gemcitabine/CP (GC; a combination of 1 μM gemcitabine and 5 μM CP) are standard cytotoxic chemotherapies for CRC liver metastasis; regorafenib (Re; 0.5 μM) and fruquintinib (Fr; 0.5 μM) are targeted kinase inhibitors approved for CRC (69, 70).