For example, CYP1B1, a universal cancer marker encoding cytochrome P450 1B1 (55), and GSTA1 (glutathione S-transferase A1) which promotes lung cell invasion and adhesion (56), increased in expression in each of basal, ciliated, and secretory cells in response to F. nucleatum (Fig. 5H). Here, CYP1B1 is linked to cancer.