Further comparisons and gene ontology analysis revealed that GSK3 inhibition by CHIR-99021 (CHIR-AMØ) upregulated the gene sets that define pathogenic pro-fibrotic macrophage subsets in severe COVID-19 ([SPP1+, GSE145926] [Liao et al., 2020], MoAM3 [GSE155249] [Grant et al., 2021], or CD163+/LGMN+ MØ [EGAS00001005634] [Wendisch et al., 2021]) (Figure 6C and D; Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Here, SPP1 is linked to COVID-19.