In fact, GM-CSF is essential for generating lung alveolar macrophages (Guilliams et al., 2013), crucial for surfactant homeostasis, whereas deficient GM-CSF signaling leads to pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (Trapnell et al., 2009), a condition marked by defective surfactant clearance and disruption of pulmonary homeostasis due to alveolar macrophage dysfunction (Huang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.