One study by Mukae et al. (2023), MYCN was overexpressed in human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural crest cells carrying TP53 mutations, leading to anchorage-independent growth and transformation into highly malignant chondroblastic osteosarcoma. Analysis showed that MYCN-amplified osteosarcoma cells showed amplification of GLI1, a gene common in osteosarcoma malignancy. Here, GLI1 is linked to osteosarcoma.