Notably, we have previously reported the anti-inflammatory effects of CN extract and its bioactive compounds through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in various disease models including bovine mastitis (Panya et al., 2020; Thongyim et al., 2023b) periodontitis (Thongyim et al., 2024), and dengue virus infection (Jantakee et al., 2024) (Supplementary Table S1). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and periodontitis.