TNF and ulcer disease: A similar trend was observed for TNF-α (ulcer: 12.1 ± 3.0 pg/mL, pre-ulcer: 6.9 ± 1.5 pg/mL, control: 3.5 ± 0.7 pg/mL) and CRP (ulcer: 7.8 ± 1.6 mg/L, pre-ulcer: 3.4 ± 0.7 mg/L, control: 1.2 ± 0.3 mg/L).