Similarly, GM-CSF (sargramostim) has transitioned from early clinical trial in 2002 and 2009 showing improved monocyte HLA-DR expression (164, 165), to recent multicenter trials in reporting reduced ICU acquired infections of immunosuppressed patients (166), proving further evidence that GM-CSF thus represents a promising immunoadjuvant therapy in patients with sepsis, although larger randomized controlled trials are now warranted to confirm these initial results. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is infection.