CCL3 and clostridium difficile infection: Studies have shown that soy isoflavones, acting as estrogen-like compounds, reduces mortality in infected hamsters by inducing an anti-apoptotic effect in epithelial cells mediated by ER/GPER/WNK1 and inhibiting MIP-1α expression, thereby improving cecal damage and CDI disease activity and providing protective effects against C. difficile toxins (154, 155) (Figure 2).