S100A8 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Through neutrophils, S100A8 may promote endothelial damage via reactive oxygen species and NETs, while its connection with monocytes highlights its role in driving pro-inflammatory signaling and vascular remodeling (42); CD14, a receptor in monocytes and macrophages, is involved in pathogen recognition and inflammation initiation, where its high expression may exacerbate PAH and atherosclerosis progression, triggering the PANoptosis process through excessive immune activation (43).