TNF and ischemia: The ischemia followed by reperfusion (ischemia-reperfusion injury or IRI) is generally associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 causing injury of renal nephron epithelial cells, particularly the PT (loss of apical brush border and tubular integrity due to cell detachment) having a very high metabolic rate [106,107].