This aligns with previous literature that reported the cardioprotective effects post-infarction conferred by butyrate-producing bacteria.44F. prausnitziiexhibited beneficial effects in attenuating inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney disease via butyrate.28,45 Moreover, butyrate has been revealed to diminish atherosclerotic plaque sizes and protect ApoE−/− mice from atherosclerosis.46 In the present study, we found that supplementation with F. prausnitzii or butyrate alleviated ferroptosis and prevented rats from age-related HF. Here, APOE is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.