TNF and schizophrenia: It may be suggested that the effectiveness of ECT in TRS patients, expressed as an improvement in schizophrenia symptoms, may be associated with a decrease in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α [38,39], along with increased anti-inflammatory markers, including IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1 [57].