TNF and Insulin resistance: Additionally, the adipose tissues in obese subjects comprises an elevated amount of classically activated M1 macrophages and reduced amounts of activated M2 macrophages, which produce great amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which in turn give rise to the initiation of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance [8,9].