Other factors that need to be considered when assessing the relationship between diet and CKD include sociodemographic and economic factors (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, and access to nephrology care), genetic factors (e.g., APOL1 genotype), cardiovascular factors (e.g., atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and vascular stiffness), cardiometabolic disease (e.g., diabetes and obesity), and metabolic factors (e.g., FGF23 and urinary oxalate) [61]. This evidence concerns the gene APOL1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.