FTO and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Despite the ongoing shortfall in studies featuring large sample sizes with ethnic diversity, GWAS has effectively uncovered novel genetic variants and mechanisms underlying conditions like nutritional related disorders, including the identification of genes such as FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein), leptin receptor, leptin, TNF-α, and interleukin, that are linked to metabolic issues in malnutrition [175].