TNF and major depressive disorder: In our study, several mechanisms possibly contribute to reducing anxiety and depression: (1) Phenolic compounds help lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, which reduces neuroinflammation; (2) Restricting FODMAPs decreases visceral hypersensitivity and serotonin secretion [80], while Mediterranean foods enhance serotonin availability [81,82]; and (3) Omega-3 fatty acids and fiber help to normalize the reactivity of the HPA axis by lowering cortisol responses and improving gut permeability [83].