In contrast, in placentas from pregnancies affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), an increase in activated IR and total non-activated IRS-1 has been reported, as well as higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which correlates with decreased levels of protein kinase B (AKT) and adiponectin. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is fetal growth restriction.