TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Acetate treatment (oral gavage, 200 mg/kg in water, for 21 days) significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and attenuated the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in skeletal muscle as compared with vehicle group (water) in a PCOS rat model [42].