CXCL8 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Consistent with the reduction in systemic inflammation by SCFAs, a randomized crossover trial found that inulin–propionate ester (IPE) supplementation (20 g/day, for 42 day) significantly decreases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 as compared to cellulose supplementation in obesity and overweight adults [26].