INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The classification of DM includes four main categories: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is characterized by autoimmune-induced destruction of pancreatic β-cells and an absolute lack of insulin; type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), marked by insulin resistance and a decline in pancreatic β-cell function; gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which occurs during pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth; and specific types of DM, which encompass other less common forms of the disease [2].