AKT1 and colorectal carcinoma: While this section focuses on key pathways like Wnt/β-catenin, Akt, and CK2 known to be altered in CRC, it is important to note that other signaling cascades, including TGF-β, MAPK/ERK, and cholinergic signaling pathways, also play significant roles and will be discussed in subsequent sections where their relevance to specific xenobiotic actions or potential viral interactions becomes pertinent.