Regarding T. cruzi-derived EVs, in vivo studies have demonstrated that mice pre-inoculated with EVs and then infected with metacyclic forms of the parasite have shown higher levels of parasitemia; developed a pro-inflammatory response with TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6 production; and exhibited a more severe pathology than the control mice, associated with a higher mortality rate [78,95,96]. Here, TNF is linked to parasitic infectious disease.