STAT3 and cancer: Furthermore, TGR5 activation can trigger several signaling pathways, including protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and Ras homologous protein, all of which are intricately linked to tumorigenesis and cancer progression [72].